Communication Theory an Example by

Communication Theory In Virginia Yonkers' article entitled 'The Business Communication Model for Teaching Foreign Business Language', the author revealed that language in a business plays a significant role because it connects the individual to the business, which then connects to the practices and the culture in the business environment. Traditional methods of business language teaching usually contain themes that link language and practices with those of oral and written skills (Yonkers 72). There are role plays, videos, self-evaluation activities, as well as communication simulations that encourage the learners to incorporate the language within the specified basis or theme. However, this would be impossible to achieve without the use of theoretical devices that improve communication within and between the learners. Need essay sample on "Communication Theory" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed One of the business language devices that are used is the so-called 'ladder of inference'. It came from the theory that an individual's step-by-step mental process incorporates what assumptions to make or which actions come up out of the processing within the particular internal and external environments. Starting with what is stated in the 'business communication model' wherein a sender encodes a message that is being encoded by a receiver, the encoding and transmitting of the message passes a communicative filter (with or without distortions) through the use of verbal and non-verbal languages (Yonkers 74-75). What the sender encodes depends on which level the context of the message is in the ladder of inference, which may be one of the following: first is the encoding of message or data; second is the selection of particular message or data; third is the assumptions out of a particular message or data; fourth is the drawing out of conclusions; fifth is the adoption of beliefs out o f the conclusions; sixth and last is the execution of actions based on the beliefs (Ladder of Inference Model, 2001). Before learning to understand the encoding of messages, though, it is important that the sender understands accurately his/her own self. University Students Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists suggest: Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With Us College Essay Helper Professional Writer For Hire Custom Essay Writing Service Best Essay Writing Service Another very effective psychological tool, which is usually used in the development of business communication language, is the use of the Johari window. It is a tool devised by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955, as they designed grids where four quadrants lay, which would help individuals understand better their own selves (Johari window, 2008). The Johari window is designed to classify certain adjectives under one of the four quadrants that are the following: (1) the arena or traits that are known to self and the others; (2) the facade or traits that are known to self but unknown to others; (3) the blind spot or traits that are unknown to self but known to others; and (4) the unknown or traits that are unknown both to self and the others (Johari window, 2008). In developing the mental and psychological processes in business language, theoretical devices carry the basic tools apt for progress. In Fritz Heider's attribution theory, he claimed that there are certain internal and external factors that influence our actions and decisions over a specific place and time; and that behavior is an independent and uncontrollable entity that results out of a certain factual event, action, or environment (Attribution Theory, 2008). Yet for writer Virginia Yonkers, actions and decision-which initially control language in businesses-can be changed, improved, magnified, or developed. Certain theoretical devices may be used in encouraging a more effective transmission of language and communication, with the individual incorporating the self, so that the mental and psychological processes may work properly to influence negotiations and problems in the business. That is, amidst the inconsistencies. Works Cited Attribution Theory (Heider). 2008. 12Manage.com. 18 March 2008 http://www.masterfacilitatorjournal.com/inference.html . Johari Window. 2008. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. 18 March 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johari_Window . Ladder of Inference Model. 2001. Master Facilitator Journal. 18 March 2008 http://www.masterfacilitatorjournal.com/inference.html . Yonkers, Virginia. The Business Communication Model for Teaching Foreign Business Language. 2007. Purdue University CIBER. 18 March 2008 Department of the Navy. Ladder of Inference. 2002. Open Academy. 18 March 2008.

Definition and Examples of Koineization (Dialect Mixing)

Definition and Examples of Koineization (Dialect Mixing) Definition In sociolinguistics, koineization is  the process by which a new variety of a language emerges from the mixing, leveling, and simplifying of different dialects. Also known as dialect mixing and  structural nativization. The new variety of a language that develops as a result of koineization is called a koinà ©. According to  Michael Noonan, Koineization has probably been a fairly common feature of the history of languages (The Handbook of Language Contact, 2010). The term koineization  (from the Greek for common tongue) was introduced by linguist William J. Samarin (1971) to describe the process that leads to the formation of new dialects. Examples and Observations The only necessary process in koineization is that of the incorporation of features from several regional varieties of a language. In the early stages one can expect a certain amount of heterogeneity in the realization of individual phonemes, in morphology and, possibly, syntax.(Source: Rajend Mesthrie, Language Change, Survival, Decline: Indian Languages in South Africa.Languages in South Africa, ed. by R. Mesthrie. Cambridge University Press, 2002)Examples of koines  (the outcomes of koineization) include the Hindi/Bhojpuri varieties spoken in Fiji and South Africa, and the speech of new towns such as  Hà ¸yanger in Norway and Milton Keynes in England. In some cases, the koine is a regional lingua franca which does not replace the already existing dialects.(Source: Paul Kirswill, Koineization.  The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd ed., edited by  J. K. Chambers and Natalie Schilling. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Leveling, Simplification, and Reallocation In a dialect mixture situation, large numbers of variants will abound, and through the process of accommodation in face-to-face interaction, interdialect phenomena will begin to occur. As time passes and focusing begins to take place, particularly as the new town, colony, or whatever begins to acquire an independent identity, the variants present in the mixture begin to be subject to reduction. Again this presumably occurs via accommodation, especially of salient forms. This does not take place in a haphazard manner, however. In determining who accommodates to whom, and which forms are therefore lost, demographic factors involving proportions of different dialect speakers present will clearly be vital. More importantly, though, more purely linguistic forces are also at work. The reduction of variants that accompanies focusing, in the course of new-dialect formation, takes place during the process of koineization. This comprises the process of leveling, which involves the loss of mark ed and/or minority variants; and the process of simplification, by means of which even minority forms may be the ones to survive if they are linguistically simpler, in the technical sense, and through which even forms and distinctions present in all the contributory dialects may be lost. Even after koineization, however, some variants left over from the original mixture may survive. Where this happens, reallocation may occur, such that variants originally from different regional dialects may in the new dialect become social-class dialect variants, stylistic variants, areal variants, or, in the case of phonology, allophonic variants.(Source: Peter Trudgill, Dialects in Contact. Blackwell, 1986) Koineization and Pidginization As Hock and Joseph (1996:387,423) point out, koineization, the convergence between languages, and pidginization usually involve structural simplification as well as the development of an interlanguage. Siegel (2001) argues that (a) pidginization and koineization both involve second language learning, transfer, mixing and leveling; and (b) the difference between pidginization and creole genesis, on the one hand, and koineisation, on the other, are due to differences in the values of a small number of language-related, social, and demographic variables. Koineisation is usually a gradual, continuous process which takes place over a long period of sustained contact; whereas pidginization and creolization are traditionally thought of as relatively rapid and sudden processes.(Source: Frans Hinskens, Peter Auer, and Paul Kerswill, The Study of Dialect Convergence and Divergence: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Dialect Change: Convergence And Divergence in European Languages, e d. by P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and P. Kerswill. Cambridge University Press, 2005) [T]he social contexts of the two processes differ. Koineization requires free social interaction between speakers of the various varieties in contact, whereas pidginization results from restricted social interaction. Another difference is the time factor. Pidginization is most often considered a rapid process in response to a need for immediate and practical communication. In contrast, koineization is usually a process which occurs during prolonged contact between speakers who can almost always understand each other to some extent.(Source: J. Siegel, The Development of Fiji Hindustani. Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi, ed. by Richard Keith Barz and Jeff Siege. Otto Harrassowitz, 1988) Alternate Spellings: koineisation [UK]

2.Critically examine and compare urban planning cultures in developed Essay

2.Critically examine and compare urban planning cultures in developed and developing countries and discuss how such cultures have evolved or been adapted to the - Essay Example h planners may continue to wish for a world like it existed earlier where they did not have such numerous factors to take into account before even beginning to plan any town, but such a probability has been closed on the human civilization forever. What remains now to be done is to ensure that whatever planning is now being done in urban areas all over the world, they are established on sustainable grounds. The only way to find out which patterns of planning towns will prove to be sustainable however, is to study the already evolved planning techniques by the developed world and compare between them what should be the best mode for developing towns when it comes to countries which are presently undergoing urbanization. The issue being addressed in this paper is to critically examine and compare urban planning cultures in developed and developing countries and discuss how such cultures have evolved or been adapted to the different development planning challenges being faced in those c ountries. Britain- the first of the European Union countries to become industrialised, had only around 3% of its labour force concerned with the agricultural activities, while almost 80% of its population had become urban by the year it had joined EU that is the year of 1973. Therefore for countries like Britain and even the United Sates or Japan for that matter almost any kind of town planning is mostly urban town planning. The change in patterns of planning however has occurred with time in countries like Great Britain. For instance, the difference between the local town and country planning introduced by the historic Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 and the system which replaced to under the Town and Country Planning Act of 1968 is that of details (Taylor 1998). It was argued in the 1960s that planning should not be focussed on minute details in fact it should be based on generalised and diagrammatic picture of the spatial distributions at any point of time, only filling in

Airport security - Government's use of invasive pat-downs and body Research Paper

Airport security - Government's use of invasive pat-downs and body scans are essential to ensure passenger safety - Research Paper Example Ten years may have come and gone, yet the consequences of that singular event have forever changed the outcome of human civilization (Mitcherner-Nissen, Bowers and Chetty, 2011). The 9/11 terrorist attacks have invariably led to the tightening of security measures being undertaken all over the world. In the United States, legislative enactments have been undertaken placing security administration and defense management among the considerations to be deemed as state priorities (Mitcherner-Nissen, Bowers and Chetty, 2011). The operation of the airport has been taken over by the federal government following clear indications that there has been significant lapses in judgment and laxity of control in airport management which have exacerbated the 9/11 attacks (Parks, 2007). As a result, the United States government took over the helm of the battle against terrorism and called for the support of all nations in the international arena (Parks, 2007). With the enhancement in security measures being undertaken in US airport terminals, there has been a move towards the utilization of advanced equipments such as whole-body scanners and backscatter scanners in addition to the physical pat-downs being performed (Mitcherner-Nissen, Bowers and Chetty, 2011). However, ethical issues have caught the attention of many people as the mentioned scanners appeared to have been too detailed in its examination stepping well into the basic human right to privacy (Schauer, 2011). But the fact remains that there are those who would argue that such is a small price to pay for the relative enjoyment of peace and security of the greater many (Mitcherner-Nissen, Bowers and Chetty, 2011). In this debacle, one thing is certain, that no matter which side wins, both sides stands to benefit and both likewise stands to be injured concomitantly. Airport Management and Operation Patankar and Holscher (2000) described the airport as a highly complex set of schematic organization that allows the entry a nd egress of persons. As such, both movements to and fro are to be considered as security concerns that require efficient administration. To this end, it is vital to determine the momentous changes that US airports may have undergone in hopes of revolutionizing its operation and precluding the occurrence of an attack comparable to the 9/11 terrorist activities. Prior to the 9/11, the airport situation in the United States has been a highly efficient private affair that revolves around the rendering of services related to and relevant to the air transport of individuals from a point of origin into a point of destination. Prior to the 9/11 there was a general sub-optimal level of security in airports in US airports (Seidenstat, 2004). However, after the attacks, the United States government saw the need to change the management of the airport facilities to the federal system marking the transition of the said facility from a implement of transportation into a tool that has the capacit y to paralyze the country (Seidenstat, 2004). The transition of the airport facility into the hands of the federal government was triggered by two major issues (Seidenstat, 2004). These are: (1) the laxity of the control measures implemented by the utilization of private security firms; (2) the failure of the government to

Airline Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Airline Industry - Assignment Example This entails enhancing overall air travel and market penetration, given the uniqueness of the European market in terms of labor costs, market size, air travel substitutes, deregulation measures and new-play entry prospects. In the introduction section, the report provides a general view of the European airline industry. The report will also include a summary of the PESTLE analysis (in tabular form), opportunities and threats facing the European airline industry. The reflective report section provides the insights into the processes and factors that affect the industry the industry. The conclusion part will provide an overview of the case study (European aviation industry). Since 1919, countries, especially in Europe, had sovereign rights over the airspace in their territories. National governments took responsibility to regulate the industry. However, from 1944, countries began setting rules touching on economic rights in the aviation industry. For example, the U.S. called for an open skies policy through a multilateral agreement. However, European nations called for the formation of an international regulatory authority to regulate issues such as capacity and traveling fees to build the industry. Since then, the European airline industry has changed, thereby promoting competition. Given the diverse issues discussed above, issues specific to Europe’s aviation sector affect the nature of ‘new entry’ airline performance and overall competitiveness. Captain and Sickles (1997) assert that cost implications affect overall airfare, time-utility, overall efficiency and effectiveness of industry players in promoting air travel as the preferred means of transport in Europe. This captures both short- and long-haul travel be it goods, cargo or passenger travel.

Theories of Realism for State Behaviour Explanations

Theories of Realism for State Behaviour Explanations â€Å"How well do the different types of realism (classical, structural and neoclassical) explain state behaviour?† Word count: 2,765 Seminar Tutor: Aijan Sharshenova Realism is a fundamental practise of international politics, a key theory in this area of study as it helps us to understand the contemporary world, as well as the challenges that we now face. Realism helps to emphasise this role of nation-state with the belief that all states are motivated by their own self-interests, prioritising territorial integrity and securing political autonomy. The relations within domestic politics and international relations are conversely discussed by different realists, from Thucydides (460-395BC) to E.H. Carr (1892-1982) showing substantial differences within realism itself. Firstly, classical realism derives from Niccolà ² Machiavelli (1469-1527), Thucydides and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) to name but a few. The study of politics during this time was set on the foundations of human nature. Thucydides presented his belief through dialogue texts, presenting how human nature has made us crave power above all else. On the other hand, structural realists, such as Kenneth Waltz (1924-2013) believed that power is a means to an end but the ultimate aim of an individual, as well as state, is survival. Both types of realism theories have undergone much critic in the past few decades, with only a relatively recent view surfacing. This is known as neoclassical realism, a combination of classical and structural (‘neorealism’) realism, focusing on systematic variables of internal and external factors. My line of argument during this essay will be that neoclassical realism holds the most viable explanation for state behaviour, due to its contemporary analysis and consideration of systematic pressures through various variables, nationally and internationally. I will set out first by discussing the classical realism theory, in which I shall discuss the influence of human nature, interest and justice and how these internal factors influence the states behaviour. Secondly, I will discuss structural realism and the theories basis of system structure of the world states, which do not consider internal factors. Finally, I will critically assess whether neoclassical realism can truly explain state behaviour, despite its limitations. Although there is not a unified set of beliefs of realism, it is considered by all that the international system is an anarchical environment, which is important to incorporate in my essay because it in turn demonstrates how states do not have anyone to adhere to in the international system due to lack of hierarchal figures. The anarchical system is supported by Waltz’s description of international politics as ‘being flicked with particles of government and alloyed with elements of community – supranational organizations whether universal or regional, alliance, multinational co-operations, network of trade and what not. International political systems are thought of as being more or less anarchic.’ (1979:114)1. This then further presents how internal and external factors are needed to understand state behaviour, which appears to be a major flaw in the understandings of classical and structural realism. I will later discuss whether neoclassical realism is ab le to account for the changes in the nation-states behavioural patterns due to these intervening variables. Classical Realism Classical realism is essentially about power, which is measured through material capabilities. When striped back to the simplest of social organisations, it becomes the tribal groups and their competition for resources, which show that power (struggles) have always been part of society. This is then interlinked, by Hobbes, with the comparison of the individual and the state – where human nature is compromised of primarily power and the essence to survive, known as the ‘state of nature’, correlating to what the classical realist believe to be the states priorities. This is furthered by the lack of sovereignty in the international system, making it therefore anarchical, reducing state behaviour to its own national interest and its own security in order to maintain its power and survival. The idea of this egotistical self-interest was first developed by Thucydides, who understood human nature as self-interest will overcome moral principles. In Book 1 of The History o f the Peloponnesian War , during a debate in Sparta, Thucydides states how the considerations of right and wrong have ‘never turned people aside from the opportunities of aggrandizement offered by superior strength.’ (Chapter 1:76).2 Although this view disregards the teleological notions of political progress, it is supported by the period of origination during the interwar period. Leading on from this, Thucydides, as well as Hans Morgenthau, further disregards the distinction between international and domestic systems, encouraging us to understand them as similar outcomes. Thucydides uses both internal and external developments alike as reason for state behaviour. For example, when communal bonds within a system are strong, as in pre-Peloponnesian War in Greece, the laws help to restrain actors. Therefore, when community breaks down, so does this order due to the loss of legitimacy in influence. This coincides with Aristotle’s observation that law ‘has no power to compel obedience beside the force of habit.’3 This idea of community is furthered by the classical realist’s belief that justice is the foundation of relationships in order to create these communities where security and influence are insured. Thucydides relates his text to the importance of interest and justice and how they come hand in hand – with the relationship becoming more acute in response to war. An example of this is in Pericles’ Athens’ which Thucydides pointed out to be under a facade of democracy rule, when in fact it was just one man (Pericles) ruling. The democratic ideology that came with this rule caused class tensions, which heightened over time, resulting in the vicious overthrow of ‘democracy’. After this, justice then became the foundations for what was known as a more peaceful nation.2 Classical realists find justice an important influence as it helps to determine the understanding and responses actors have with one another. Even though influence can be bribed, its expense for the stereotypically short-lived maintenance of it, makes it a foolish investments. Therefore, policies that have accepted ethical approaches create a respected legitimacy that is more likely to be followed, creating a more efficient sphere of influence, which can also be translated to power. To add to this, the commitment to justice was one that showed the strength of self-restraint an actor has. For instance, weaker states behave due to the external constraints that they face, whereas more powerful states are more inclined to think they are in control. Yet, this causes irrationality of the leaders, encouraging them to make hazardous decisions. These miscalculations often lead to catastrophe, with key examples of Athens, Napoleon and Hitler. Thus, internal and external constraints are closely interconnected, as self-restraint prompts behaviour in accordance with the principles of justice, sustaining the hegemonic structure that makes sufficient influence possible. However, classical realists fell short of including all the important aspects of international relations, including that co-operation that can occur between nations. Looking from a contemporary view, with the inclusion of globalization, classical realism seems very rigid and outdated. Furthermore, the statist system has been proven wrong by Transnational Corporations (TNC’s) who in fact have a larger economy than some smaller states, giving them more power even in material capabilities, with some corporations having a form of military. This also shows that states cannot be considered unitary actors. Structural Realism Kenneth Waltz, the founder of structural realism, describes the international system through each state considering the risk and cost-analysis of irrational action, which subsequently results in stability being maintained. Although the system is not in a constant state of war, it is thought of as ‘each state decides for itself whether or not to use force; war may break out at any time.’ (Waltz 1979:111).1 Conflict is always possible in anarchy, although the relative chance of it occurring is what is important, rather than the possibility of it. Therefore, structural realists believe that a state should never let down its guard and always be prepared for the worst case scenario. This results in what realists believe that states need to make sure they always have military expenditure at full potential in order to be able to defend against possible aggressors. Structural realists believe that states need to adopt the worst-case focus in order to ensure the states don’t get caught off-guard, which could be argued, would have even heavier costs. ‘Political competition among states is much more dangerous business than economic intercourse; it can lead to war, and war often means mass killings on the battlefield and even mass murder of civilians. In extreme cases, war can even lead to total destruction of the state.’1 Consequently, defensive programmes are thought of as the only dependable insurance against outside aggression, as it may help to reduce the calamities. Balancing this behaviour and attitudes with co-operation between states is thought to be conditioned by the lack of hierarchal authority in the international system, with the constant threat that force could be used. An example of this is the regional trade blocs in the contemporary developing world. Structural realism explains that states are reluctant to co-operate due to fears, but they do believe co-operation is possible although only on the front that it is largely constrained. Moreover, this theory explains that developing countries would be the most inclined to not co-operate due to the security issues from in those regions. Yet, contrastingly to this, many co-operations have been set up, such as ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) and Southern Cone Common Market. Even despite the fact that military expenditures have increased rapidly in the last few years, in addition to the territorial disputes, these countries are still able to co-operate which strongly contradicts structural realism’s theory of state behaviour. Such behaviour is consistent with the view that economic gain outweighs the probability of security due to the promoted increased international competitiveness superseding relative gains. (Economic benefits of the trade blocs include attracting Foreign Direct Investment, increased markets and reduced transaction costs). Despite the fact that structural realists are the leading critics to classical realists for their explanations being deduced by human nature, the characteristics of actors in structural realism is in the sense of ‘fear’ – part of the state of nature, as described by Hobbes. Morgenthau argues that actors will take advantage of weaker states, hence why structural realists believe that military preparedness is the only guaranteed assurance. Both areas of the arguments view the world pessimistically, interlinking them with the evidence that structural realism doesn’t actually move beyond human nature, rather just replaces the idea of ‘power’ with ‘fear’. This shows the two perspectives weaknesses as both focus on only one sole notion – rather than the intervening variables that are at play in domestic and international politics due to the variations of dynamics. Another raised point of the structural realism theory is that a state’s first concern is to maximise its likelihood of existence, thus if focusing on short term security has negative long term repercussions, it still must go ahead in order to maintain survival. Although, a rational state would only discount these future repercussions if the security pressures are not that strong, meaning the long term affects are given priority. This view is shaped by the ideal that states are shaped by the possibility and probability that conflict can outbreak at any time, hence the need for capability to deal with the contingency that may arise from the security issues. Nevertheless, Waltz recognises that states have other important intentions and therefore may not take all conceivable steps to achieve short term security, but security matters take priority over economic capabilities. Neoclassical Realism Neoclassical realism is a relative recent theory that has been accounted by Wohlforth (1993), Gildeon Rose (1998), Zakarua (1998) and Schweller (2006) to name but a few. This theory combines structural and classical realism in order to incorporate both external and internal variables with the dynamic of the international and domestic systems. Rose described neoclassical realism in the World Politics Review (1998) as an ‘impact of such power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex because systematic pressures must be translated through intervening variables at the unit level.’ This makes the theory more contemporary and relevant due to its inclusion of more than one sole motive. Classical realism mainly focuses on the domestic system, meaning the theory cannot be used to explain why different actors act similarly. In contrast, neoclassical Zakarua (1998) made a clear distinction between national and state power, with the claim that the systems are more multi-dimensional than just its material capabilities.’By taking into account both domestic and international constraints on the state, and by articulating both the domestic and international choices available to the state, we are able to provide a more comprehensive integrated approach to the analysis of state behaviour’. (Mastanduno, Lake, Ikenberry1989).4 Essentially, neoclassical realists state that the reason behind why different actors act similarly can only be understood if the intervening role of domestic factors is in play. Therefore, more contemporary realist state that power cannot be used to express all dimensions of politics, and that this is not just measured by its material capabil ities due as they are not always mobilized to their full efficiency. Additionally, neoclassical realists emphasise the importance of the role of the state. This contrasts sharply to structural realism, who isolate the states’ role, making it unitary and a different body to the rest of society. However, neoclassical realists recognise the fundamental role that the statesman have as they are part of the intervening variables with the power to intervene, implement and assess changes in the foreign policy. Accounting for the changes over time and variations of different states countering external constraints, which may result in a need for a change in foreign policy due to the dynamism of today’s globalisation. This also relates to the contemporary theory’s inclusion of not only the weaker and stronger states, but also the ‘middle powers’4 – which is discarded by both classical and structural realism. The understanding that smaller (weaker) powers focus is mainly on their domestic politics is because external const raints means their power internationally is smaller – thus the need to concentrate domestically in order to build this material power. Alternatively, larger power’s focus is also domestic, especially its constraints. This is due to the greater power enabling them more freedom internationally, resulting in the focus being internal and on their own constraints that they face. This then leads onto middle powers being the only ones that face domestic, as well as international, focus on constraints. Yet, this means that the neoclassical theory, which deals with internal and external factors to justify state behaviour, is therefore mainly relevant towards middle powers because they are the ones that focus on both systems. Conclusion Realism does not have a unified set of assumptions about state behaviour, granting this, dividing realism does help to lead to a more precise conceptualization of the theory and provides a better understanding in which the variation of impacts of differential material factors help to explain state behaviour. Structural and classical realism, both alike, are theories that are inflexible even though they claim to be operative under all circumstances. Structural realism in particular, appears substandard in demonstrating state behaviour due to the fact it is presented in the terms of being relevant in all situations at all times. Not only this, but the presentation of the international system as a relentless competition for security and power, shown through material capabilities like technology, geography and economical advantages, becomes the biggest flaw in itself. This is because of the multidimensional system that we live in today, a cause of globalisation as states and actors are interconnected more than ever. Neoclassical realism helps to present this, embodying systematic and domestic level of analysis, making it more relevant to contemporary systems behaviour. However, neoclassical realism, as well as structural and classical realism, are hard to use to explain state behaviour unless the application has more knowledge of the given actor/state in order to make the assumption more relevant due to the varying degree of nations. References Baylis, J., Smith, S. Owens, P., 2013. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introdctuion to International Relations, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Burchill, Scott, et al., Theories of International Relations, London, Palgrave, third edition, 2005. Kenneth Waltz (1979).A Theory Of International Politics. 2nd ed. United States of America: Waveland Press. 111-114. Mastanduno, M., Lake, D.A., Ikenberry, J.G. (1989), Toward a Realist Theory of StateAction,International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 457-474 Morgenthau, Hans, ‘A Realist Theory of International Politics’ in Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 5ed 1973). Thucydides/Richard Crawley, The History of the Peloponnesian War, (Australia: J.M. Dent and Co., 1903) https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thucydides/crawley/index.html>{accessed 31st September 2014} 1Kenneth Waltz (1979).A Theory Of International Politics. 2nd ed. United States of America: Waveland Press. 111-114. 2Thucydides/Richard Crawley, The History of the Peloponnesian War, (Australia: J.M. Dent and Co., 1903) https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thucydides/crawley/index.html>{accessed 31st September 2014} 3 Burchill, Scott, et al., Theories of International Relations, London, Palgrave, third edition, 2005. 4 Mastanduno, M., Lake, D.A., Ikenberry, J.G. (1989), Toward a Realist Theory of StateAction,International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 457-474

The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and Driving Laws by Bertelli and Rich

A few years ago, my family and I had a drunk driver crash through our front yard. This person tore up grass, destroyed pine tree, and broke numerous lawn ornaments. Less than twenty minutes before this drunk driver went through our yard, my mom and I had been walking our dogs, and if the drunk driver had gone through any earlier, my mom and I both would have been hit. This driver also destroyed a garbage barrel, and almost slammed into an electrical pole. In a way, the drunk driver had been lucky when he went through our yard, especially when we had just taken a gigantic walnut tree out of our yard two or three years prior. The driver also had two passengers with him, a woman, and a small child. The child passenger had been unbuckled, and amazingly, was not thrown from the rear of the vehicle. After going through our yard, the drunk driver had oil leaking from his car, at least two flat tires, and damage to the front of his car. Eventually, the drunk driver was caught by the police, and placed in jail. The insurance company that represents my family assessed the damage done, and said that the total cost of the damage would equal almost two thousand dollars. The driver was only required to pay my family three hundred dollars and nothing more than this amount. After receiving this amount, my family and I never heard anything else about the driver who had destroyed our yard, and have not received any other dollar amount since that incident. Looking back on this, I wonder if there is anything that allows a drunk driver to be sued for destroying a person’s property. In the article, The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and Driving Laws by Bertelli and Richardson Jr. (2008), the authors make the statement that driving under the... ...Policy Studies Journal, 36(4), 545-569. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00283.x Carpenter, C. (2004). How do Zero Tolerance Drunk Driving Laws work? Journal of Health Economics, 23(1), 61-83. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.08.005 Chang, K., Wu, C., & Ying, Y. (2012). The effectiveness of alcohol control policies on alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 406-415. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.008 Cismaru, M., Lavack, A. M., & Markewich, E. (2009). Social marketing campaigns aimed at preventing drunk driving : A review and recommendations. International Marketing Review, 26(3), 292-311. doi:10.1108/02651330910960799 Voas, R. B., Romano, E., & Peck, R. (2009). Validity of surrogate measures of alcohol involvement when applied to nonfatal crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(3), 522-530. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.004